A. Give short account
a. ischemic encephalopathy (page 158)
Generalized hypoxia occurs with
· reduced blood oxygen content as in ventilatory disorder
· reduction of whole cerebral perfusion pressure as with severe hypotension , cardiac arrest and marked increase in intracranial pressure
· presence of cerebrovascular diseases as atherosclerosis and endarteritis, mild, sudden fall in BP causes generalized hypoxia.
b.Types of hydrocephalus (page 156)
1. hydrocephalus with normal CSF pressure
a) localized ; infarct
b) diffused ; Alzheimer’s disease
2. hydrocephalus with raised CSF pressure
a) non communicating
§ congenital
§ acquired
b) communicating
c. etiologic classification of splenomegaly (page 210)
a) infection
b) congestive states related to portal hypertention
c) lymphohematogenous disorders
d) immunogenic-inflammatory conditions
e) storage diseases
f) miscellaneous
d. Burkitt’s lymphoma (page 207)
| Endemic | Sporadic |
| African | US |
| Involvement of maxilla or mandible | Intra-abdominal tumor ( retroperitoneal,bowel and ovaries) |
| Has relation to EBV | No relation to EBV |
| High grade malignant | |
| Excellent response to chemo | |
| Long remission | |
B. Enumerate
a. Types of chronis non-specific lymphadenitis (pg 200)
§ Follicular hyperplasia
§ Paracortical lymphoid hyperplasia
§ Sinus histiocytosis
b. Reed Sternberg giant cell (pg 203)
§ Large cell (15-45micro)
§ Eosinophilic cytoplasm
§ Binucleated, 2 nuclei with overlapping halves with mirror image to each other
§ Prominent eosinophilic nucleolus surrounded by halo ( Owl eye appearance )
§ Non classic type : manonucleated “lacunar cell” ,or multilobed nucleus “popcorn cells”
c. Causes of Brain infarction (pg 158)
§ Atherosclerosis and thrombosis
§ Emboli
§ Other causes : vasculitis, compression of cerebral arteries, general reduction of cerebral perfusion.
d. Mode of infection of brain abcess (pg 168)
§ Hematogenous spread
§ Extension from an adjacent infectious focus
§ Direct implantation
C. Problem Solving
1) a) Meningioma (pg 175)
§ psammoma bodies
§ wholly masses
§ extra-axial tumor
b) site
§ hemispheric concavity, falx , lesserwing of sphenoid bone, and olfactory groove.
§ Less common : cerebral ventricles, cerebellopontine angle, foramen magnum and around spinal cord.
2) a) Hodgkin’s lymphoma Nodular Sclerosis (pg 204)
b) Hodgkin’s lymphoma mixed cellularity, lymphocyte predominance, and lymphocytic depletion.
c) Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, non-neoplastic inflammatory background cells ( as lymphocytes,plasma cells,eosinophils ), and systemic manifestations ( fever, night sweats, weight loss greater than 10% )
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